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The science of structure, order, and relation that has
evolved from elemental practices of counting,
measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It
deals with logical reasoning and quantitative
calculation, and its development has involved an
increasing degree of idealization and abstraction of
its subject matter. Since the 17th century, mathematics
has been an indispensable adjunct to the physical
sciences and technology, and in more recent times it
has assumed a similar role in the quantitative aspects
of the life sciences.
In many cultures--under the stimulus of the needs of practical pursuits, such as commerce and agriculture- mathematics has developed far beyond basic counting. This growth has been greatest in societies complex enough to sustain these activities and to provide leisure for contemplation and the opportunity to build on the achievements of earlier mathematicians. All mathematical systems (for example, Euclidean geometry) are combinations of sets of axioms and theorems that can be logically deduced from the axioms. Inquiries into the logical and philosophical basis of mathematics reduce to questions of whether the axioms of a given system ensure its completeness and its consistency. Encyclopedia Brittanica |
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